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A lossy transmission line is a transmission line where signal energy is dissipated as it propagates, typically due to resistance, dielectric losses, or radiation. As a result, signals experience attenuation, distortion, and phase delay over distance. Losses are caused by the resistance of the conductors (ohmic losses) and the imperfect insulation (dielectric losses) in the line's materials. These effects are more pronounced at higher frequencies and longer distances, impacting signal quality and transmission efficiency.